Chanel #5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chanel #5 - Essay Example s a public communication mode owing to the high amount of people receiving the message at the same time and is used by Chanel #5 to make the clients understand they know and fee their motives for purchasing the business’ products (Hughes., & Fill, 2008: 28). Advertising allows Chanel #5 to reach a large amount of geographically displaced customers at the lowest cost. Posters are used as a communication channel at Chanel #5 containing graphic and text elements describing the products quality, design, user experience, and contact information to the company (Green, 2012:14). Television is used as a communication channel of advertising through infomercials aimed at promoting Chanel #5’s products. Infomercials promote the products through discussing product pricing, benefits, user experience, and purchase lines. Television advertising allows for a large consumer reach. Sponsorship of events and programs by Chanel #5 allows for the recognition of the business by both participants and those interacting with the event allowing product information to be sent through T-shirts and other materials promoting the event. Product design involves effective and efficient development of new ideas by Chanel #5 to produce new products that meet consumer taste and preferences resulting in increased in loyalty and commitment of consumers to the company. This communication channel acts as a competitive advantage of the business and augments consumer acceptance of the Chanel #5’s products. Website: Chanel #5 provides information on the products quality, design, offers for the customers, information on promotions and programs, and allows satisfied clients to provide their testimonials (Varey, 2002: 74). The website also allows Chanel #5 to communicate company information including store location, new product offerings, and corporate responsibility activities. The Chanel #5s website is also used for communication with the customer to allow customer feedback for incorporation in

Information Security Small Businesses Research Paper

Information Security Small Businesses - Research Paper Example Therefore, the protection of information and data should be prioritized as one of the foremost steps in every organization, whether small or large. Identity theft and credit card frauds are aggravating crimes that are witnessed due to criminal acts of data thefts. Organizations around the world tend to suffer such thefts that jeopardize their reputation, and often face lawsuits from their clients. One such incident was witnessed last year with Sony PlayStation when their PlayStation network in the British division faced data theft. The Guardian (2011) reported that around 77 million users’ data was stolen. The stolen information included names, addresses, date of births, passwords and credit card numbers. The data thefts of such nature are likely to cause credit card frauds and bank frauds while attempting identity thefts. The online games service had to remain shut down for a week since they did not want the incident to recur before appropriate measures were taken to combat t he attack. Richmond Williams (2011) stated that such an enormous attack was likely to damage the reputation of Sony and threaten its capability to compete with other giant competitors such as Apple, Google, etc. It is also vital to ensure that information security measures are updated regularly to stop any intruder from taking advantage of any obsolete protection software (which is often noticed in small organizations). Alongside financial losses and reputation damages, ineffective information security measures are also likely to instigate legal actions and investigations against organizations. With reference to the example under discussion, a lawsuit was filed against Sony for not providing enough security to the data of their customers. The customers wanted compensation from Sony for the damages caused by the data theft at Sony. Jones (2011) stated that the respective company was likely to face as much as ?500,000 of fine for not being able to protect their customer’s sensi tive information. With the comprehension of the consequences of not implementing effective security measures, it is also important to understand the different types of vulnerabilities that exist in organizations. Confidentiality of data implies the safe keeping of data against any revelation without the approval of the owner of the information. The revelation of data might not be intentional by the organization; however, the data flow that is implemented for the transfer of the data might involve some unreliable third parties that might take advantage of such exposure of data. Data integrity implies that no change or corruption should happen to the data; such corruption and changes are likely to occur if effective information access procedures are not implemented. Availability of data refers to the presence of data and service upon the need of the customer and employees; cyber attacks on an organization can make an online service go offline or delete important data by adopting diffe rent types of intrusions and virus attacks etc. Authenticity and non-repudiation are interrelated concepts that involve the proof of identity of the interacting parties. Authenticity implies that the interacting

Services Such As Postpaid Plans Marketing Essay

Services Such As Postpaid Plans Marketing Essay DiGi is the Telecommunication SdnBhd that provider mobile service in Malaysia. DiGi is offer services such as postpaid plans prepaid plans, international calling, international roaming, data plans and services, SMS, MMS, GPRS, EDGE and  WAPservices. The objectives in this DiGi advertisement is advertise that DiGiis upgrading LTE network sites and improve the internet coverage in Malaysia.DiGi wants attract more customer switch to be DiGi by using upgrading LTE networking and services. DiGi is provides the high speed internet covering at least 95.8% of all Malaysia. Internet can enrich lives, empower communities, and transform the business. Therefore, increase coverage of high speed internet (3G EDGE) to cover of all Malaysian. Stronger, more stable network DiGi upgrade the stronger and more stable networking with improves capacity and the opportunity to provide DiGi user with the best wireless Internet experience. Therefore, DiGiusers can reduce the probability unstable line where the connection speed can vary a lot, or get frequent disconnections. LTE Equipped DiGi is going to provides 1st LTE-equipped and ready to deliver fibre-like speeds to support the forthcoming LTE mobile devices. Therefore, DiGi is also provides the technology in advance to coming smartphone such as iPhone 5. It is able to using LTE to connect the network. Appeal and Unique Selling Proposition Appeal DiGi is advertising the power of useful by using internet by upgrade the new technology LTE equipped network. DiGi using the yellow colour kid represent the DiGi user in the advertisement, such as capture the lost cat photo and share to internet to the world ask for help to find out the lost cat. Besides that, DiGi user can access the internet to connect social media for search the old friends or make new friends. From the advertisement, DiGi is showing the high speed internet to access internet, such as the couple find new place for dinnerand they can search with high speed by using google map to allocate the location. Internet also helps the DiGi user gathering more information and bigger idea. Moreover, DiGi is also provides the high speed internet for 95.8% coverage in Malaysia, so the DiGi user can access the internet at any corner or any place. Additionally, DiGi Telco is provides first LTE equipped network in Malaysia.DiGi also advert that DiGi is always smarter choice to the customer. Differentiate (Benefit, Uniqueness and Potency) Benefit Innovation DiGi is upgrade the LTE-equipped network and ready to deliver fibre-like speeds to support the forthcoming LTE mobile devices. Therefore, person who is holding LTE mobile devices can be enjoy the fibre-like speeds to connect the internet by DiGi Network. Expanding High Speed Internet Coverage (3G / EDGE) DiGi is upgrading the high speed internet coverage at least 95.8% of all Malaysia. The user can receive the stronger signal that provides by DiGi. So, DiGi user can access the internet at anywhere in Malaysia, such as inside building area or garden. More Stable Network DiGi user can receive more stable connection to higher speed internet for search information. For example, DiGi user need find a place for having dinner, and they are no idea where to going. So, DiGi user can search information and immediately receive the suggestion by internet that which restaurant is provides good taste of food. Uniqueness 1st Malaysia LTE- Equipped Network DiGi is 1st telecommunication company that upgrade the LTE-equipped network and equipped to deliver fibre-like speeds to support the forthcoming LTE mobile devices. High Speed Internet Coverage In the TV advertisement, DiGi is advert the Telco is expand to 95.8% of coverage in Malaysia. That means DiGi is covering all area to DiGi for access the Internet. Potency Innovation DiGi is innovation that becomes the first Telco set up LTE equipped network in Malaysia. And it is get ready for the upcoming technology LTE mobile devices. Reinforce DiGi is using TOMORROW NETWORK to promote their telco services is improvement high speed internet and expand the coverage DiGi network in Malaysia to attract more customer. Besides that, in the advertisement DiGi is using google map and social media to showing how helpful of internetandpromote with their internet network is 95.8% coverage in Malaysia. More than that, DiGi advert by using kids is because DiGi think that kids is represent new generation same as the new technology LTE equipped network. Last but not least, the advertisement provides more DiGi upgrade information in the www.digi.com.my. Inform DiGi is advertises on the television at ntv7. It is because ntv7 is target audience in urban people and this advertisement is in English version. Besides that, the broadcast time of DiGi advertisement is showing at 2pm to4pm and 7pm to 10pm. This is because the 2pm-4pm younger customers are free after their school or tea break to watch TV. And the urban people are only free to sit and watch the TV at 7pm-9pm pacific time. Persuade The major customer need or want is getting a large coverage of telecommunication services and high connection speed in their busy life. Therefore, DiGi is trying to meet the customer satisfaction by using improve their services such as increase the internet speed and expand the coverage. Segmentation and Target Audience Demographic DiGi is using demographic segmentation to segment the market. It is divide the market as life stage segmentation variables. DiGi is segment life stage variable base on child, youth, collegiate, adult and senior. After segment the market, DiGi is found that the collegiate segment is the bigger usage of the internet. From the advertisement, we also found that DiGi is using the collegiate to advert in the advertisement. Socioeconomic DiGi is using socioeconomic segmentation to segment the market. It is divide the market as education segmentation variables. DiGi is segment education variables base on no educated, some high school, and professional graduate. It is because the advertisement is using English language to advertise. Therefore, the customer has some high school knowledge to understand the English and knowing to access internet. Target audience Primary Target Market The primary target market of DiGi is targeted collegiate. It is because the collegiate is the bigger usage of the internet and also received good education level in Malaysia. Besides that, collegiate is like to online search to do their assignment and using social media to communicate with their friend. And also from the advertisement, we also found that DiGi is using the collegiate to advert in the advertisement. Secondary Target Market The secondary target market of DiGi is targeted office worker. It is because the office worker has enough knowledge to access the internet and also able contact with the customer by using phone online sending e-mail or search the customer location.From the advertisement, access the internet to find the location for dinner with the customer. Inferences Using energetic music to present DiGi advertisement is using energetic background music to present the advertisement. It makes the audience feel that using DiGi telecommunication will be getting more energetic and young. Clear voice tone of speaking From the advertisement, we can hear the clear voice tone speaking in English and easy to understand and clear deliver the message to the audience. Target young people From the advertisement, we can see that DiGi is using the young people take part in the advertisement. It is because DiGiis targeting young people for future growth and for the introduction of new products such as LTE to the customer. High Speed Internet 95.8% for Malaysian In the TV advertisement, DiGi is advert that expands to 95.8% of coverage in Malaysia. Therefore, DiGi is allowed to access the internet all area in Malaysia to search information and social media. Provide website for information upgrade DiGi is using website to deliver more information about tomorrow networkto customer. Before end of the advertisement, DiGiis provides the website address www.digi.com.my for customer logon to search more updating information of DiGi tomorrow network. High technology DiGi is going to provides 1st LTE-equipped and ready to deliver fibre-like speeds to support the forthcoming LTE mobile devices. Therefore, DiGi is prepared in advance for coming new high technology LTE mobile devices. Always the smarter choice From end of the advertisement DiGi shown that they are always the smarter choice. DiGi wants the customer feel that by using the DiGi, will become make them also become a smarter consumer and making a smarter choice. Power of internet From the advertisement, DiGi is advert the power of internet can help the user to find the lost cat, friend, dinner location, and getting more idea at around the whole world. Using yellow colour represent DiGi From the advertisement, we can found the every there are a lot of yellow colour. It is because yellow is representing the DiGi telecommunication. Therefore, when customer sees the yellow colour and will make them think of the DiGi. Printing Advertisement Introduction The Magic Health is a shower system product by Panasonic that provides perfectly-timed hot and cold water to invigorate the customer. The objective Panasonic advertise on newspaper is notify to their loyalty customer Panasonic is launch new product call Magic Health shower and inform them about the benefit and features of the product. Product Features E-Cycle The Panasonic magic health shower system e-cycle is alternates between hot and cold water to enhance blood circulation. It can let customer without doing exercise to enhance blood circulation and provides comfortable feeling to customer who is taking a bath by using magic health show system. E-Hybrid The Panasonic magic health shower system e-hybrid is combines water and air bubbles infused with negative ions to create effect of a refreshing massage. It have the massaging effect to relaxes customer and reduce tired level from customer. Energy- saving performance The Panasonic magic health shower system provides 43% less electricity usage and 20% less water usage. This features can helps the customer to save more money from the long term usage by adding energy saving performance to the product. Appeal and Unique Selling Proposition Appeal Panasonic magic health is advertising that is home use shower product with hot and cold hydrotherapy. In advertisement, Panasonic is differentiating the shower product and provides the product image such as DH-3KD1, DH-3KE1, DH-3KP2, DH-3KP1, and DH-3KT1 to match the different segment customer needs. Besides that, Panasonic is using a beauty girl shower to present happy and comfortable feeling by using magic health shower product. In advertisement also show the benefit of the product and the product features to the customer. Moreover, it also provides the contact number, working period, website, and address to the customer who is interest to purchase the product. Last but not least, Panasonic also using the slogan idea provide product and services base on ideas that enrich lifestyles, assist the innovation of society, enhance lives, and broaden horizons. Differentiate (Benefit, Uniqueness and Potency) Benefit Energy- saving performance Panasonic magic health shower system provides 43% less electricity usage and 20% less water usage. This benefit can helps the customer to save more money with long term usage. High Technology Panasonic is bringing out new revolution shower system by using e-cycle and e-hybrid to bring new technology to meet the customer need. Customer can be adjusts temperature and enjoy the massage to feel energised and relaxed. Innovation Safety features Panasonic magic health shower system provides innovation safety that nine safety points for optimal protection. It can make customer feel safety by using this product. Uniqueness Nine Safety Protection From the advertisement, we can found that Panasonic is innovation and enhance the safety protection system on the product. It can make customer feel safe and confident to purchase the magic health shower system. Energy Saving From the advertisement, we can found that Panasonic is 43% less electricity usage and 20% less water usage. This features can helps the customer to save more money from the long term usage and also green the environment. Reinforce In the newspaper advertisement, Panasonic using their slogan ideas for life to represent the product and services base on ideas that enrich lifestyles, assist the innovation of society, making live more easily, and more comfortable. Besides that, Panasonic is reinforcing the consumers by using a model AyumiHamasaki to promote their product which at mid of advertisement to show the comfortable and happiness to the customer. Moreover, in the newspaper Panasonic advert the benefit and safety to customer. And also provides the product image to customer knowing the design and colour. Furthermore, it also provides the contact number, working period, website, and address to the customer who intends to purchase the product. Inform Panasonic is advertises on sinchew newspaper. It is because sinchew is target Chinese audience and the middle income category. In advertisement, it is using Chinese as delivery language. Panasonic posted this advertisement on sinchew newspaper rather than other newspaper because it wants to deliver the product information to middle income category. Persuade The major customers tend to enjoy their lifestyle after come back of work and saving their money. Therefore, Panasonic create the product that can control the temperature shower and massage function to the customer. Moreover, Panasonic also attract the price sensitive customer due to 43% less electricity usage and 20% less water usage. Segmentation and Target Audience Socioeconomic Panasonic is using socioeconomic segmentation to segment the market. It is divide the market as income segmentation variables. Panasonic is segment income variables base on low income, middle income, and high income. And Panasonic is targeted middle income to high income. It is because middle income to high come customer is afforded to use the product every day. Demographic Panasonic is using demographic segmentation to segment the market. It is divide the market as residence tenure segmentation variable. Panasonic is segment own new house or rent house. And Panasonic is targeted own new house segmentation variable. It is because the customer who are own new house need to purchase functional furniture. So, Panasonic is chosen them as target segmentation. Target audience Primary Target Market The primary target market of Panasonic magic health is targeted new own house. It is because Panasonic magic health is home use product and customer who are own new house need to purchase functional furniture. Therefore, Panasonic provides 2 different of colour and model product to give the new own house to select which model of product is suit new house design. Secondary Target Market The secondary target market of Panasonic magic health is targeted office worker. It is because the office worker is long period of sitting or busy with their work and not much free time to do exercise. Therefore, Panasonic is launch system e-cycle that alternates between hot and cold water to enhance blood circulation to make life healthier. Besides that, the office worker has to wake up early for their work and they need is a adjust shower system for the morning bath. Inferences Clear contact information At the bottom of the newspaper advertisement, Panasonic is provides the customer care centre number, working hours, address, and the company website. For the customer who intend purchase Panasonic magic health shower system back home. Layout of newspaper advertisement From the printing newspaper advertisement Panasonic is advert three quarter in a page. It is because, Panasonic want ensure the customer have seen the advertisement in newspaper. Headline of Panasonic Magic Health The inference of headline is that Immerse in wonders of Panasonic Magic Health. This headline in newspaper is message the customer enjoy the benefit provides by magic health shower system in their life. Panasonic Idea For Life The slogan Panasonic is ideas for life to represent the product and services base on ideas to enrich lifestyles, assist the innovation of society, making live more easily, and more comfortable. Energy- saving performance The Panasonic magic health shower system provides 43% less electricity usage and 20% less water usage. This features can helps the customer to save more money from the long term usage by adding energy saving performance to the product. Safety product From the advertisement, we can found that there Panasonic is innovation and enhance the safety protection system on the product. It can make customer feel safe and confident to purchase the magic health shower system. Innovation Panasonic magic health is combination e-cycle and e-hybrid to bring new technology to meet the customer need. Customer can be adjusts temperature and enjoy the massage to feel energised and relaxed. Visual element Panasonic used image as visual element to send the message to target audience. From the advertisement, we can found the different type of model of shower system to show the customer. Besides that, Panasonic is using black and white word explains the product features and benefit to give customer who are intend to purchase and know more detail of product.

India, Nigeria and Internal Medicine :: Medicine College Admissions Essays

India, Nigeria and Internal Medicine    My desire to become a physician dates way back into my childhood. My parents migrated to Nigeria in the late 1960's when my father, an academician, decided to help educate children there. This was a country, which then had just gained independence. A person's goals are set by the role models he or she seeks to emulate. My childhood role model is Dr. Raj a physician. I learned from Dr. Raj, that real success and satisfaction is achieved by putting one's beliefs and thoughts into action. Dr. Raj provided quality care to the poor, especially children, alongside his richer clients. This left a lasting impression on me. Later on, when I realized that lots of people actually lacked basic medical care, I always wanted to reach out and help make a difference in the lives of others. Medicine, with its emphasis on service would therefore be the most satisfying career for me.    My interest in internal medicine developed during my training at medical school in Nigeria. Internal medicine offers a wide variety of cases, which makes it as diverse as it is exciting, requiring a problem solving attitude and constant vigilance. Having graduated from a reputed medical school in a developing country, I had the opportunity to get hands-on experience in patient care, right from start. In fact, my medical school had a unique final year program where the focus was essentially on preventive medicine and health education. During this community based health program, we were required to monitor and provide complete health care to people in neighboring villages. While working on our year book during the same year, we were able to raise money from the proceeds of the sale and various other activities (conducting symposium, charity fair, etc.) so as to provide free dug supplies to the underprivileged. All this made me realize the tangible difference one could make in the lives of others.    Upon graduation, I spent two and a half years, working in private hospital settings in India and Nigeria. This has made me a more experienced and mature physician but has left me yearning for more knowledge. For the past three years I have been in the United States and during this time, I have successfully qualified the ECFMG certification examination, USMLE steps I, II & III. I have also worked as a research associate at Stanford University on role of HIF-1( in retinopathy of maturity.

Global cities show a particularly high degree of social polarization Essay

Social polarization is a relatively new urban phenomenon that identifies the existence of a widening gap between the rich and poor within a social group or entity. This gap has developed in country’s societies as a result of ‘income equalities, real estate fluctuations and economic displacement’ (Moulaert 2003). The effects can be damaging to society and can include ‘a loss of resources, investment and young people to the core’ (Bradford and Kent 1995). I aim to discuss and explain social polarization in terms of the causes and effects on society, as well as the main catalysts of polarization. Many geographers believe that globalization is a process that ‘has enabled nation-states, TNCs, as well as individuals, to extend their reach across the globe’ (Daniels et al 2008). Globalization has meant that ‘national economies have become integrated into the international economy’ (Croucher 2004) as a result of trade, capital flows, foreign direct investment, migration and the spread of technology; leading to the growth of many sectors, especially the financial sector, where information is easily accessible via a technologically strong communications network. Some are of the belief that ‘Globalization leads directly to social polarization’ (Sassen 1991) The rapid growth in the financial sector has led to the formation of very well paid positions within financial institutes dominated by managers, executives and stockbrokers. However, it has also created large numbers of low-paying jobs, often filled by women and the minorities in unskilled positions. As a result of this, income inequality is common in global cities with salaries ranging greatly. The United Nations quoted that ‘between 1960 and 1990 country differentials between the wealthiest and poorest 20% increased from 30 to more than 60 (UNDP 1993)(Thrift et al 2002). This can lead to a number of problems, with the lower paid workers easily replaced by an abundant supply of workers moving to the area from abroad, known as the ‘urban immigrant population’ (Chao-Lin 2002). The replacement of low-income workers has become a problem in many global cities, for example in Beijing, the open door immigration policy as led to an influx of urban immigrants. Many social problems are caused as a result of this, such as stress at home and at work etc. This, in turn, widens the gap between the richer and poorer people in society; thus increasing social polarization. The ‘transnationals’ have, of course, greatly changed the economic environment. At the global scale their location of production in developing countries has contributed to what has been called a global shift’ (Bradford and Kent 1995). In the first half of the twentieth century the majority of manufacturing and production plants was concentrated in the core: Western Europe and North America. However, a ‘global shift’ (Bradford and Kent 1995) did occur and by the 1980s a third of TNCs had moved to global production in Newly Industrializing Countries (NICs) at the periphery. As these TNCs made more money and became financially stronger, there was a shift of power from the governments to the transnationals’. The TNCs have great control over some sectors of the economy, as government revenue from taxes is recycled (through wages) back into the large corporations. TNCs can cause a variety of problems by locating in developing countries, ‘the concentration of many transnationals’ activities in one area, often the core, may exacerbate inter-regional differences’ (Bradford and Kent 1995). Again, this will cause social polarization as different areas in a country, or town will show differences in amenities etc. due to a greater investment in infrastructure. However, this investment in the core regions is needed to service the large corporations. Investment will attract people, jobs and activity into the core regions, thus emphasizing the strength of the pull factors created by TNCs: more well paid jobs are created, better living conditions, more amenities etc. However, ‘this is often at the expense of peripheral regions which lose resources, investment and young people to the core – the so called backwash or polarization effects’ (Bradford and Kent 1995). Friedmann’s Core Periphery Model is relevant here as over time people are drawn from the periphery areas into the core, (See Figure 1). Transnationals’ can also cause problems if similar corporations locate in the same countries, thus leading to ‘segmentation of markets’ (classifying markets into distinct subsets with the same needs).   (Todd 1977). (Classifying markets into distinct subsets with the same needs). This can lead to social differences being accentuated, again relating back to differences in income inequality and quality of life at the core and periphery. Furthermore, particular cultures in countries have changed as a result of ‘acquisition of material goods’ (Bradford and Kent 1995). This has lead to people’s position in society being determined by possession or consumption of particular goods, causing anger and stress, which causes societies to began more polarized. To conclude; in my opinion social polarization, can only have a negative effect on societies and countries as stress and anger is caused as a result of concentrations of investment in core areas, leaving peripheral areas without amenities and jobs. As TNCs continue to increase in size the effects of polarization can only increase with the gap between different social groups increasing, as a result of income inequality and economic displacement. With increased control and power, soon TNCs will have even more control than some governments, and this can already be seen in some areas of the world with governments in India etc. being unable to stop sweatshop labour e.g. Nike in Bangladesh. Polarization shows gaps in society have begun to develop as local markets develop in global markets as a result of globalization and the growth of large corporations. References Bradford, M. and Kent, A. 1993 Understanding Human Geography: People and their   Ã‚  Ã‚   Changing Environments, Oxford University Press, Oxford. Chao-Lin, G.U. 2001 Social Polarization and Segregation in Beijing, Beijing, Science  Ã‚  Ã‚   Press, http://www.springerlink.com/content/h3w8112rj24l8468/fulltext.pdf, 29th  Ã‚  Ã‚   November Johnston, R.J., Taylor, P.J and Watts, M.J. 1995 The Reconfiguration of Late   Ã‚  Ã‚   Twentieth-Century Capitalism. In Johnston, R.J., Taylor, P.J and Watts, M.J.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (eds) Geographies of Global Change: Remapping the World, Blackwell   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Publishers Ltd., United Kingdom, 19-29. Moulaert, F., Swyndedouw, E. and Rodriguez, A. 2003 The Globalized City:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Economic Restructuring and Social Polarization in European Cities, Oxford   Ã‚   University Press, Oxford. Sassen, S. 2001 The Global City, Princeton University Press, USA Todd, D. 1977 Polarization and the Regional Problem: Manufacturing in Nova Scotia,    The University of Manitoba Geography Department, Canada. Figure 1. Rodrigue, Dr. J. P. Department of Economics and Geography, 1998 Bradshaw, M., Daniels, P., Shaw, D. and Sidway, J. 2008 An Introduction to Human  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Geography, Pearson Education Limited, England.   

Current Political Situation of Pakistan: Overview Essay

The article initially provides a brief overview about current political situation of Pakistan. Pakistan is a developing country and it is politically unstable but we live in the world where everything is possible. Democratic governments have always failed to complete their tenure which eventually results in a long lasting dictatorship reign. In Pakistani politics, there is a clear domination by few families only and these families have never produced long lasting fruitful results. The political system has been stagnant since 70†²s and no drastic change has taken place. The chair of head of state has been a war between the head of the army staff and a few noticeable political leaders. Who has suffered? Well, you guessed it right, the nation! Pakistani Politics Current Situation If we observe the political situation of Pakistan, much of the politics is based on different ethnic groups. It’s fair to say that the current political situation of Pakistan is in dire need of substantial changes if we compare it to the political systems of leading nations in the world. Role of Political Parties in Pakistan Pakistani PoliticsAlmost every party represents a particular ethnic group, therefore no party has got the support in every region because the role of political parties in Pakistan is very much based upon different ethnic groups they represent. This is one of the major reasons of slow development in some specific areas as compared to others. There are a number key problems in political system of Pakistan, & the list grows on and on with every passing minute. Read the News: Nawaz Sharif has become a better person Nawaz Sharif demands America to stop drone strikesReal Face of Mian Nawaz Sharif and Benazir Bhutto High Court appraises Mian Shahbaz Sharif’s Dengue work PML (N) MPA arrives at Assembly Hall on motorcycle to take oath Nawaz Sharif: Corruption would not be tolerated Shahbaz Sharif: We would continue from where we left off Shahbaz Sharif: Our government would reduce expenditures Dr Abdul Qadir Khan: PPP was corrupt where as Shahbaz Sharif did development work Pakistan to produce electricity from Coal, orders Nawaz Pakistani Politics Pakistani politics has started to take an adverse route as the layman pursues to struggle in the rut. The current situation in Karachi and Baluchistan is worse than ever. The blame of these riots clearly is on politicians who are just manipulating different groups to get benefits for themselves. If the current political situation in Pakistan does not change, the country would keep on suffering at the hands of monarchs and waderas! The role of youth in politics seems to be missing in this scenario and needs to be looked upon if the country is to strive for betterment. One possible solution for the underlying problem is to improve the problems of education system that erodes as every day falls behind. â€Å"Words, without power, is mere philosophy† Let’s join hands, let’s walk together, let’s make Pakistan a better nation!

South African Aparthied essays

South African Aparthied essays Throughout history imperialism has ravaged the under-dog, the smaller easily supressed territories. The greater more dominant nation would use and exploit the people and land for their own use, without concern for the devastation it is causing to the land, and society of these territories. The modern history of the Australian Aboriginals and the African natives in South Africa are complementing examples of Europeon imperialism and its implications. Racism and feelings of white superiority were the main factors pushing both Aparthied and Segregation policies. They are not only similar in their cause and inception, but in their execution and in the inevitable detriment of Discrimination against nonwhites was inherent in South African society from the earliest days. Since the British settled in South Africa in 1795 there has been social, economic, and political exclusion, being ruled by whites despite the fact that whites held about 10% of the population. Segregation and inequality between whites and other races had existed as a matter of custom and practice, but after 1948 these practices were made into firm-standing laws. These new laws marked the start of apartheid as the countrys official policy as well as the start of the National Partys reign of power. The National Party stressed white supremacy and promoted separated development. . This separated development entitled that the races be segregated, moving nonwhites out of urban areas into the outskirts of city into so-called home lands or bantustans with people of their own race. This policy of seperate development can be compared to the policy of segregation which was inacted upon Aboriginals in Australia. Under this policy Aboriginals were moved from their traditional homelands and moved onto government owned reserves. Aborignials and South Africans living in their segregated environments had few civil rights....

IT and Voting essays

IT and Voting essays Information technology what is information technology or IT and can IT be used in the voting system of today. First lets define IT to get a better understanding of the word. Information technology is hardware, software, telecommunications, database management, and information processing technologies used in computer-based information systems. An example of IT is the input, output, and storage devices that support them. This is the same system used at the voting polls on Election Day. You have input (human), output (the machine used to cast a vote), and storage device (the data stored on the ballot). This is the conventional way to vote but since was in the 21st century (the age of the computer) why dont we just use a form of IT with the voting system so it would be more accurate. The problem with using IT in the voting system today is that if we use a form of IT, say the internet, and internet voting system would not be good in a election where the stakes are high (say the president of the U.S.) there would be a strong motivation for someone to commit fraud. Also with the internet there could be a series of vote buying and selling and privacy violations that could reverse the outcome of the election. Another problem with using IT in the voting polls is that with a computer styled voting system it would lack an audit trail. This would mean that in a close election there could be no recount of votes. The computer styled voting system might not always count the votes correctly. In computers, Hackers would be a main concern with this type of system. All in all there is enough information to develop computer based voting system but we just havent thought of a way to keep people from tampering with the votes. ...

Interview : Interview / Background

For this interview process, my initial intention was for it not to be so much of a question and answer type of interview. Since I do have a relationship with these two ladies, I was wanting to make this as smooth, casual and fun as possible. This helped, because it did not create any form of uncomfortable situations; by creating awkward situations, I feel that it can alter the way the interview is conducted and how it can be of a result. The interview took place at as restaurant where the three of†¦ In my interview I choose to interview one of my housemates Samantha Wood. I do not know Samantha very well but have communicated with her the odd time. Samantha goes to Georgian college and is 21 years old. I choose to interview her specifically because she is quite about her life and interests so I was motivated to use this interview to get to know her better. I asked Samantha basic questions about her use of and experiences with social media. The interview process was beneficial for what information†¦ This paper intends to describe an interview conducted with an eight year old about sports. A remarkable quote from this young man was â€Å" I only struck out twice last season and I didn’t get out after that at all†. The sports that Cannon Crooks plays, his favorite sport, his favorite player, his favorite position, and future aspirations and more shall be covered in this paper. The interview was conducted over the phone with an eight-year-old boy named Cannon Crooks. Cannon Crooks is a third grader†¦ There are three types of interviews: structured interviews, semi structured interviews, and unstructured interviews. Structured interviews are interviews that are formal such as telephone interviews, survey research and political polling. The interview is set up with a designed place ahead of time and a set of questions preplanned. Semi structured interviews are interviews that allows the interviewee to talk about a topic more â€Å"open minded† (pg. 87) rather than structured and to the point. The interviewer†¦ research that a well-prepared interview guide is crucial. Within the interview guide, all the items of the interview are included and organised in a certain order with the purpose of promote the flow of the interview. This includes the sections of the interview, task that the interviewer has to do and designed questions with careful wording selection. Although the role of interview guide is crucial in semi-structured interview, it is stressed that the idea of interview guide is â€Å"much less specific†¦ Family Interview and Genogram I chose to interview Inmaculada â€Å"Alex† DeFeo (2015). She is the source of much of the information. I based assessments on my analysis of her explained life. Detailed is given to her age and familial relations. The strength perspective used in order to highlight strengths in how overcoming or living with situations, statuses, and results of events. Individual and family patterns, concern, and influences regarding them aimed are touched upon. Family Members Names†¦ selects interview as the second method to generate the data. This paper, for that selection, deals with the second key research instruments, interview. Specifically, it explains and proposes a plan for carrying out interview for the research. The section starts with discussing the advantages of interview instrument. What follows after is a brief overview and discussion around the issue of critical dimension of interview. This review helps to provide guidelines for the deployment of interview in this†¦ At the very beginning of the interview I noticed how much I was looking down to document what Amy was saying. I was so focused on making sure I had documented everything Amy said and I think I lost some meanings by not watching her body language. If I were to put myself in Amy’s position I probably would have felt like I was just there to answer a bunch of assessment questions and the therapist really did not care what I had to say. The empathy was there in my voice, but not in my actions, so†¦ Interview Analysis The mock interview assignment really helped me identify different strengths and weaknesses in interviewing. This document will be a discussion of my mock interview. I will discuss my strengths during the interview as well as my faults and what I will do in the future to adjust those. I will apply what I learned in this experience to interviews in the future. Perhaps one of the easiest weaknesses to identify in my interview was in my appearance, specifically my hat I forgot to†¦ The majority of the interview took place during periods three, five, and six, but I was able to ask her a few questions before and between the other periods I shadowed her. I first asked her about her schedule and what classes she had other than English and math at the end of the day. She explained that she had three other classes, government, IT, and band. When I expressed curiosity as to how that worked since she didn’t have a science course. Students are given the option to opt out of science†¦

Encouraging Communication Channels Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Encouraging Communication Channels - Assignment Example However, Hentry Fayol added three more functions, co-ordination, motivation and communication (Reddy, 2004). This present essay is going to examine specific aspects of management in relation to construction industry. Young Engineering and Construction Company (YECC) is a medium sized company that deals in engineering works as well as construction works, it is located in New York City where it carries out its operations. The company has undertaken several works and it is reputed for its good work, though it is still yet to undertake major works. Observation was made about the working environment the company for a period of five days. The aim of the observation was meant to record and examine the way the communication is carried out in the company. The observation made, resulted in the following findings. Communication is a very important instrument in any organization. It is even more important in the in the construction industry as clear messages have to be send and received to avoid miscommunication that can be very costly. Murray and DiCroce (2003) notes that for a company to be successful the management structure has to have very effective communication strategies, this relate to employee in the organization. Good organization working environment calls for a high level of effectiveness in the communication. When communication is rightly used in an organization it motivates the employees. However when communication is poor it will always demoralize the workers. It was observed that the company uses various approaches of communication, for instance, it uses written notices to pass information about impending meetings that the company holds regularly.

Case Study on Marketing and Public Relation strategies for local movie

On Marketing and Public Relation strategies for local movie theater - Case Study Example It is imperative to have an understanding of the business environment within which the Carmike Cinema in Lawton operates in. Acknowledging competition is one way through which a workable approach would be sought. In the area of Lawton, there are other movie theatres. The other theatres include the Dickinson Central Mall 12 theatre or even Vaska theatres. The existence of competition, therefore, should inform the business tact employed at the theatre. Any business model should be aligned with the demographics within which it operates in. For the movie theatre, it is imperative to understand the imminent trends in the Lawton area. For instance, the local population, as was statistically recorded in the census done in 2011, was 98,177 (City of Lawton). Consequently, the target population for the movie theatre should work with the figure in mind. Besides, the figure should put into consideration the possible turn out from the whole population. This should be a figure worked with the competition from the Dickison Central Mall theatre in mind. In reference to cutting a niche in business, most organizations are focusing on how to effectively and efficiently win the perception and acceptance of their services by the consumers (Cutlip, Allen & Glen 49). Business organizations have developed and implemented new marketing strategies such as low pricing and extensive distribution of products as well as new public relations strategies in ord er to receive positive perception from the public. Every movie theatre has to have an online portal through which it reaches out to its clients. In as much as the Carmike theatre has an official website, the usability that the interface offers is unlike other recognized portals. In this case, a comparison is done against the online portal for Regal Entertainment Group. Improving the outlook of the online portal is one way of improving its perception among the public. It offers a means through which the movie theatre gets marketed to

How does the role of emotion and psychological attachment perpetuate Essay

How does the role of emotion and psychological attachment perpetuate the goals and actions of the main characters in Siddhart - Essay Example Another book crafted on the path of humanity and presented on a spiritual plane was the book â€Å"The Temple of the Golden Pavilion† by Yukio Mishima. The book was published in the year 1956 and was translated into English later in the year of 1959 by Ivan Morris. The book is based loosely on the burning of the Golden Temple situated at Kinkaku-ji of Kyoto. The novel revolves round the obsession with the beauty and the growing urge to destroy it. Comparison between â€Å"Siddhartha† and â€Å"The Temple of the Golden Pavilion† The books â€Å"Siddhartha† by Hermann Hesse and â€Å"The Temple of the Golden Pavilion† by Mishima are similar in many aspects. The ages that are captivated in both the novels are very similar. Along with this, the context of the books, more precisely the spirituality encapsulated within the narrow framework of the plots involved in both the novels are presented in a similar way. Yet there are some differences in the presen tation of subtle and cosmic scheme of things operating on the paradoxical plane of psychology and spirituality in both the novels. This intricate and subtle difference sets the parameter on which comparison can be made between â€Å"Siddhartha† by Herman Hesse and Mishima authored â€Å"The Temple of the Golden Pavilion†. Stark comparison can be drawn from the thematic perspective of both the novels. The novels â€Å"Siddhartha† and â€Å"The Temple of the Golden Pavilion† present a psychological trajectory of their respective protagonist. This trajectory includes the crest and fall of emotion and is presented in both the novels at a different paradigm. This difference of presentation of psychological crest and fall frames the major difference on the thematic plane. The title of the novel, â€Å"Siddhartha† is a Sanskrit word which actually contains two different words, namely ‘siddha’ which means achievement and ‘artha’ w hich means wealth or meaning. Amalgamation of both the words into one stands for two meaning. At the first plane, it means ‘he who has discovered the meaning of existence’. Also, the meaning denotes, ‘one who has achieved or attained his goals’ (Boeree, 1999). Eventually the name of Buddha before the attainment of renunciation was Prince Siddhartha or Gautama. In the book Gautama is referred to as ‘Gotama’. The story of â€Å"Siddhartha† starts with the journey of Siddhartha along with his companion Govinda. Siddhartha, the son of the Brahmin, leaves his home to join the ascetics. They leave the home and set out for the quest of the enlightenment. The story is plotted against the background of ancient India somewhere between the 4th to 7th Century BC. Siddhartha leaves the materialist life but indulges into the pleasures of the world by becoming the trader of love and consequently again gets back to ascetic. This circle of consciousness completes as a comprehensive representation of the events that takes place consciously in human life as his experience. The fundamentals of human cognition like perception, participation and knowledge take place within the context of experience and experience of human being essentially involves the oscillation of emotions pertaining to pain and pleasures of human life (Archie, & Et. Al., 2004). In the Part One of the book, author describes the restless

Are connectionist models and symbolic models competing or Essay

Are connectionist models and symbolic models competing or complementary appraoaches to artificial intelligence - Essay Example Both these approaches have their supporters who have used them to show the various benefits which can be derived from taking different viewpoint to AI (Minsky, 1991). At the same time, there are those who have said that the approaches are complimentary and do not compete with each other. To justify these statements it is necessary to take a look at each approach to see how it works. The symbolic approach is based on the creation of AI models that work with symbol manipulation. Computation is based on the fact that a symbol or a group of symbols can be arranged in a manner to represent information. Once the order or position of symbols is changed, the information can also be updated to reflect the changing environment. It must be noted that in this approach a symbol can represent any type or nature of information and the symbols can be modified if required (Bader & Hitzler, 2005). Thus a symbol here represents an idea which has certain basic premises but which can be modified by the machine based on experience or intelligent action. This process of symbol manipulation can be very successful if the AI process is being applied to well-structured problems. That means if the symbols are predefined for the AI system, it can modify the associated parameters based on its own experience and manipulation of the symbols (Bader & Hitzler, 2005). This method seeks to replicate the higher order thinking processes of the human mind which has the same ability to modify and learn from experiences as they are collected in a person’s memory. However, this approach has certain failings as well since it is difficult to grasp commonsense reality with this approach. On the other hand, the connectionist models for AI are based on the idea of using a large number of relatively simple units which can handle extremely difficult and

Lisao of the Lyrics of Chu Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Lisao of the Lyrics of Chu - Essay Example It has a lofty ideal and contains his determination to fight for its realization. His poem aims to discuss the various historical themes combined with legends and myths. (Stephen Owen). In terms of form, the Lisao is a first person monologue which is rich in imagery and skillful metaphor. The Lisao is a long lyrical poem permeated with romanticism and moving fairy tales. Lisao deals with calumny and slander of a sordid political reality, and the more general burden of the constraints of human existence, prompt the poet to undertake an "upward journey" (shangzheng). In Lisao, the enactment of other realms is self-conscious, almost self-reflexive: it is an extension of the poet's "declaration of intent." Summoned through an act of sheer will, the other world can be a precarious illusion-hence the poet's disappointments, doubts, and hesitations during his aerial journeys in "Encountering Sorrow."(David Schulman and Guy Stroumsa 37). In terms of content, the poem deals with search, sorrow and disappointments of an exiled prince. The poem also represents stages in Quan's life. It also laments his misfortunes and declares his virtue. In this poem, Qu Yuan attacks those who have defamed him and goes on a cosmic quest for a worthy lord. Moreover, the Lisao counterchange at poetic peaks; chiastic rhetoric highlights and fulfills central cultural and literary values. It shows the reciprocal relations between lord-vassal, heaven-human. Reciprocity pervades and underpins so ourselves to illuminating the dual nature of Chinese songs: requital and retribution. Qu Yuan's life reveals the paradigmatic of the double-edged relation of the Confucian intellectual to the structures of state power. 1 He is part of China's tradition literary martyrdom. To claim to be witness to a higher moral truth while remaining subject to those holding absolute power, is the kind of situation particularly conducive to producing martyrs. Chiastic genealogy marks Qu Yuan as a noble hero of a poem that will repeatedly counterbalance misunderstood nobility against blind depravity. "Encountering Sorrow" deploys counterchange distinctively; throughout, Qu Yuan consistently uses chiasmus not to bind together and suggest but to deny it and enforce separation. He laments that none at court can appreciate true nobility, usually metaphorized as "beauty" or fragrance, as in this upside-down counterchange (36): They gather dung and muck to stuff their sachets; Claim ginger and pepper have no fragrance! Jiu Ge ("Nine Songs"), also attributed to Qu Yuan, is the first example of what could be called shamanic literature in China. Qu Yuan fights against olfactory oppression by marshalling a shaman's arts and lore to undertake a magic itinerary seeking divine powers, divine aid, divine love. His "shaman's way" metaphor enlivens Lisao, e.g. at 16: Regretting I had scanned my path inexactly, After long pause I turned about. I turned my chariot round to retrace the road, Before my path had strayed too far." Here a transition from direct lament to metaphoric presentation spins another binding thread; not only do "not deep" and "shallow" form a frame for quickly and rapids, they sound similar: dzivm and tsien (tsien). Our shamanic poet then continues with a metaphor that inverts things from their proper places (62): I've tried to pluck creeping ficus in the waters, Pick lotus-blossoms in the treetops. The poet laments

How does the role of emotion and psychological attachment perpetuate Essay

How does the role of emotion and psychological attachment perpetuate the goals and actions of the main characters in Siddhart - Essay Example Another book crafted on the path of humanity and presented on a spiritual plane was the book â€Å"The Temple of the Golden Pavilion† by Yukio Mishima. The book was published in the year 1956 and was translated into English later in the year of 1959 by Ivan Morris. The book is based loosely on the burning of the Golden Temple situated at Kinkaku-ji of Kyoto. The novel revolves round the obsession with the beauty and the growing urge to destroy it. Comparison between â€Å"Siddhartha† and â€Å"The Temple of the Golden Pavilion† The books â€Å"Siddhartha† by Hermann Hesse and â€Å"The Temple of the Golden Pavilion† by Mishima are similar in many aspects. The ages that are captivated in both the novels are very similar. Along with this, the context of the books, more precisely the spirituality encapsulated within the narrow framework of the plots involved in both the novels are presented in a similar way. Yet there are some differences in the presen tation of subtle and cosmic scheme of things operating on the paradoxical plane of psychology and spirituality in both the novels. This intricate and subtle difference sets the parameter on which comparison can be made between â€Å"Siddhartha† by Herman Hesse and Mishima authored â€Å"The Temple of the Golden Pavilion†. Stark comparison can be drawn from the thematic perspective of both the novels. The novels â€Å"Siddhartha† and â€Å"The Temple of the Golden Pavilion† present a psychological trajectory of their respective protagonist. This trajectory includes the crest and fall of emotion and is presented in both the novels at a different paradigm. This difference of presentation of psychological crest and fall frames the major difference on the thematic plane. The title of the novel, â€Å"Siddhartha† is a Sanskrit word which actually contains two different words, namely ‘siddha’ which means achievement and ‘artha’ w hich means wealth or meaning. Amalgamation of both the words into one stands for two meaning. At the first plane, it means ‘he who has discovered the meaning of existence’. Also, the meaning denotes, ‘one who has achieved or attained his goals’ (Boeree, 1999). Eventually the name of Buddha before the attainment of renunciation was Prince Siddhartha or Gautama. In the book Gautama is referred to as ‘Gotama’. The story of â€Å"Siddhartha† starts with the journey of Siddhartha along with his companion Govinda. Siddhartha, the son of the Brahmin, leaves his home to join the ascetics. They leave the home and set out for the quest of the enlightenment. The story is plotted against the background of ancient India somewhere between the 4th to 7th Century BC. Siddhartha leaves the materialist life but indulges into the pleasures of the world by becoming the trader of love and consequently again gets back to ascetic. This circle of consciousness completes as a comprehensive representation of the events that takes place consciously in human life as his experience. The fundamentals of human cognition like perception, participation and knowledge take place within the context of experience and experience of human being essentially involves the oscillation of emotions pertaining to pain and pleasures of human life (Archie, & Et. Al., 2004). In the Part One of the book, author describes the restless

Lisao of the Lyrics of Chu Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Lisao of the Lyrics of Chu - Essay Example It has a lofty ideal and contains his determination to fight for its realization. His poem aims to discuss the various historical themes combined with legends and myths. (Stephen Owen). In terms of form, the Lisao is a first person monologue which is rich in imagery and skillful metaphor. The Lisao is a long lyrical poem permeated with romanticism and moving fairy tales. Lisao deals with calumny and slander of a sordid political reality, and the more general burden of the constraints of human existence, prompt the poet to undertake an "upward journey" (shangzheng). In Lisao, the enactment of other realms is self-conscious, almost self-reflexive: it is an extension of the poet's "declaration of intent." Summoned through an act of sheer will, the other world can be a precarious illusion-hence the poet's disappointments, doubts, and hesitations during his aerial journeys in "Encountering Sorrow."(David Schulman and Guy Stroumsa 37). In terms of content, the poem deals with search, sorrow and disappointments of an exiled prince. The poem also represents stages in Quan's life. It also laments his misfortunes and declares his virtue. In this poem, Qu Yuan attacks those who have defamed him and goes on a cosmic quest for a worthy lord. Moreover, the Lisao counterchange at poetic peaks; chiastic rhetoric highlights and fulfills central cultural and literary values. It shows the reciprocal relations between lord-vassal, heaven-human. Reciprocity pervades and underpins so ourselves to illuminating the dual nature of Chinese songs: requital and retribution. Qu Yuan's life reveals the paradigmatic of the double-edged relation of the Confucian intellectual to the structures of state power. 1 He is part of China's tradition literary martyrdom. To claim to be witness to a higher moral truth while remaining subject to those holding absolute power, is the kind of situation particularly conducive to producing martyrs. Chiastic genealogy marks Qu Yuan as a noble hero of a poem that will repeatedly counterbalance misunderstood nobility against blind depravity. "Encountering Sorrow" deploys counterchange distinctively; throughout, Qu Yuan consistently uses chiasmus not to bind together and suggest but to deny it and enforce separation. He laments that none at court can appreciate true nobility, usually metaphorized as "beauty" or fragrance, as in this upside-down counterchange (36): They gather dung and muck to stuff their sachets; Claim ginger and pepper have no fragrance! Jiu Ge ("Nine Songs"), also attributed to Qu Yuan, is the first example of what could be called shamanic literature in China. Qu Yuan fights against olfactory oppression by marshalling a shaman's arts and lore to undertake a magic itinerary seeking divine powers, divine aid, divine love. His "shaman's way" metaphor enlivens Lisao, e.g. at 16: Regretting I had scanned my path inexactly, After long pause I turned about. I turned my chariot round to retrace the road, Before my path had strayed too far." Here a transition from direct lament to metaphoric presentation spins another binding thread; not only do "not deep" and "shallow" form a frame for quickly and rapids, they sound similar: dzivm and tsien (tsien). Our shamanic poet then continues with a metaphor that inverts things from their proper places (62): I've tried to pluck creeping ficus in the waters, Pick lotus-blossoms in the treetops. The poet laments

Anti Social Personality Disorder Essay Example for Free

Anti Social Personality Disorder Essay Anti-social personality refers to a psychological disorder in which a person lacks the ability to feel emotions such as empathy, remorse, and guilt. These people are often referred to as psychopaths and are dangerous to society because of their violent nature and abilities to overlook what is usually perceived as â€Å"wrong† or â€Å"immoral†. Genetics vs. the Environment. This disorder can come from the conditions of one’s home environment or someone can be genetically predisposed to develop symptoms when crossing with an environmental trigger. Either way, this disorder develops with a combination of physical, genetic, and environmental factors (Mayo Clinic Staff, 2015). Many studies have been done to help determine if children at risk for Anti-social personality disorder are more likely to develop symptoms in an adoptive environment or if that environment would protect them from developing it. Researchers have concluded that the adoptive family environment combined with the biological risks make anti-social personality disorder prevalent in adoptees (Haimowitz, 2011). In other words, it takes a combination of factors to create this particular type of monster. Environment. Criminologist Nathalie Fontaine of Indiana University studies the tendency toward being callous or unemotional- signs of anti-social personality disorder- in children between 7 and 12 years old. Her research showed that these traits aren’t fixed, and can change in children as they grow. So, if psychologists identify children with these risk factors early on, it may not be too late (Moskowitz, 2011). This study supports the idea that, although a person might hold the physical or genetic predisposed factors to develop this disorder, it takes an environmental trigger for the patient to actually begin showing symptoms. Environmental triggers for the disorder could be anything from the death of a loved one during childhood to a violently abusive parent. People diagnosed with Anti-social personality disorder typically have criminal behavior in their lives either from a parent, role model, or having a criminal record themselves. One long-term  study followed 1,795 children from ages 3-23, testing aspects of their growth and development. 137 of these children became criminal offenders by the age of 23. Among the tests that were done on the participants, one measured their responses to fear by associating a stimulus-noise or object- with a punishment such as an electric sh ock or loud sound. After measuring these children’s involuntary reactions through the skin, researchers found a significant lack of fear in the 137 children that became criminals later in life compared to the other 1,568 participants (American Journal of Psychiatry, 2010). Most people are aware of the Little Albert experiment conducted by behaviorist John Watson in 1920. Watson studied a child-Little Albert- by placing him in a room and exposing him to various stimuli including a white rat, white rabbit, and a monkey. The child of course showed joy when being around the cute fluffy animals; the first time. Watson then let the rat back in to the room and this time, when Albert touched he rat, Watson banged a hammer on a metal pipe, making a loud noise and causing the baby to cry. He did this server more times until the child began crying at the sight of the rat, exhibiting fear of the creature itself because he had then associated the loud, scary sound with the rat. This is the way you would expect a child to react, seeing how its human nature. Well, in psychopathic nature, it is more likely that the patient would still relate the noise to the stimuli, but instead would attempt to free themselves of the noise by doing what seems most logical- getting ri d of the rat. This is why children that come from an abusive home are more likely to develop personality disorders than the average child- they relate the abusive behavior to the abuser and instead of exhibiting fear, they seek revenge and closure. Most serial killers have a specific type of victim and this is because their victims are similar to their original abuser and killing them gives temporary satisfaction; but it wears off so they need to seek more, like a drug. The environment in which a child is raised can greatly influence the kind of person the child grows into and what they are able to justify based on what they were exposed to in their childhood. Genetics. In 1998, 8,045 twins were tested using a questionnaire about personality traits common in disorders like antisocial personality. Researchers found that 2/3 of the variations in traits common in personality disorders are explained by genes (Masui, 2011). The character traits and temperament relating to  anti-social personality dis order- violence, narcissism, ignorance, can all be passed down from a parent and the existence of such traits do not imply the development of disorder. The development might begin, however, if the parent acts in these ways toward their child, giving them an environmental trigger. Physical Differences. In one recent study, scientists compares 27 people with severe antisocial personality disorder- psychopaths- with 32 non-psychopaths. In the psychopaths, the researchers observed deformations in another part of the brain called the amygdala- the seat for human emotion- and found that the psychopaths showed a thinning of the outer layer of that region of the brain and an 18 percent reduction in volume compared to that of the average human inability to learn from reward and punishment and also have little response to stress. In Japan, a study was done to support the idea that psychopaths do not respond to reward and punishment, showing a difference in the prefrontal cortex- judgment and panning portion of the brain- in psychopaths compared to the average human brain. In this study, 145 University students in Japan took the 26 question Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale test where they were asked to rate their level of agreement on statements relating to their lives. The 20 students who scored the highest on the test were put in a group labeled as the â€Å"high psychopathy group† (variable) while the 20 who scored the lowest on the test were placed in the â€Å"low psychopathy group† (Control). When presented with various tasks and given reward for one and punishment for another, the researchers found the highly psychopathic showed no change in the proficiency with which the tasks were completed, whether they were offered reward for doing well or threatened with punishment for doing poorly. On the other hand, the control group showed a faster accomplishment rate with the tasks when promised a reward. This study goes to show that people with anti-social personality disorder lack the section of their brain that tells them to respond to incentive. As the aforementioned information supports, I am able to conclude that the three main factors of anti-social personality disorder- Environmental, Genetic, and Physical differences- are all needed for the disorder to develop and grow to its full destructive quality. References Mayo Clinic Staff. Antisocial Personality Disorder. Definition. Mayo Clinic, n.d. Web. 04 Jan. 2015. Haimowitz, Avi G. Heredity versus Environment: Twin, Adoption, and Family Studies. Twin, Adoption, and Family Studies. Rochester Institute of Technology, n.d. Web. 05 Jan. 2015. Moskowitz, By Clara. Criminal Minds Are Different From Yours, Brain Scans Reveal. LiveScience. TechMedia Network, 04 Mar. 2011. Web. 05 Jan. 2015.

The Beatles

The Beatles British Popular Music Culture The Beatles INTRODUCTION For Chinese fans, the so-called English Brit-pop is a memorable the symbols. It is filled with too many youth, while still in the new generation of echoing music dream. Young people are eagerly, completes obsessed with Westlife or Beyonce .Moment these new, the English rock band, but the youth has continued to effect people from British golden decade. In the mid of 1960s, the Beatles is the legendary band affected the blustery generations. (American media used â€Å"British Invasion† to describe the Beatles band). The Beatles became popular quickly as well as their influence on international pop music is unprecedented. Even after they disbanded, they have continued to issue recordings of their songs and style still prevails unabated. The 1960s pop music like society, everything has just begun. The Beatles brought a new music to youth, everywhere is full of energy, their music rapid changes and growth, just a few years to conquer the world. People praised them as Music God, being crazy about them. Modern musicians rarely are not influenced by the Beatles. If American young people use the rock and roll of wandering, confusion, and emptiness, the young people in the United Kingdom is to use rock music to break through the Victorian era has left all the old moral and traditional values. BACKGROUND As an essential part of western culture, music has been influencing the people in all aspects. The need and appreciation for music is apparent that in the everyday lives of people they are listening to it in movies, on TV and throughout all forms of other audio media. The majority of people also choose to listen to music for pleasure in their leisure life. Not surprisingly the music can be a powerful tool with social influence and be able to change the lives of people. In another sense, music can be recognised as a powerful form of communication. Like some people have said, â€Å"It can be personal, political, opportunistic, and can be self-expressive with therapeutic effects due to the release of emotion.† (British pop Music http://www.learnenglish.de/culture/britishmusic.htm). Pop music is absolutely an essential part of British culture, not only just as an expression of the way all the British people live with, but also as an indicator of the multi-cultural nature of Britai n today. The Beatles pop music is undoubtedly the greatest, the most influential and the most successful band both in academia and in business in the history of the whole pop music. The Beatles from Liverpool in the early 60s has created a huge controversial enthusiasm among their fans. It is well known as â€Å"Beatle mania† today. The Beatles revolutionized pop music in regard to the development in the music itself and influence on the society. The impact they had done on the pop music is so immense that there is no one else can go beyond them. For the development of rock around the world has made tremendous contributions to the impact of self-60s after several generations of rock bands music and ideas directly affect the rock change and development in the United Kingdom, The Beatles has affected almost every one the bands formation and development for more than 60 years. They had led the fashion in lots of countries all over the world and also in UK itself in 1960-1970. They had a s ignificant impact on the younger people in UK in 1960s. OUTLINE The Beatles songs had influenced the generation in their interests of art, their way of wearing, and their attitude and way of living. Until now, the band has been gone for almost 40 years they are still showing strong influence on the whole British society. EVALUATION The band of four great musicians, especially John Lennon and Paul McCartney, all corners of the worlds younger rock singer and music creators the impact of which continues today. Although from its inception to the dissolution of the Beatles only existed for a decade, but the band as a musical culture revolutionaries and their cultural influence has long exceeded its art itself. The Beatles over the past few decades of time, has become a popular symbol of music and popular culture, but also became Britains culture and history of a trademark, of them being members of the Queens sealed. The original work and creativity have done by the Beatles have constantly inspired the musicians worldwide. In the world today there still has a lot of Beatles band member professional imitators, as well as professional organizations and evaluation of institutions and organizations mimic competition. The Beatles and the Beatles culture has already become the culture of mankind in the 20th century, an important component of the field was forever etched that they, as the last century, a trademark of popular culture has never been any challenge. Following table briefly outlines the major singles and albums made by The Beatles during 1960s. Those songs and albums have been on top of the chart or keeping in the first place of the ranking list. Especially, â€Å"With the Beatles† became the second album in the UK chart history to sell a million copies and this album is described by Allmusic as â€Å"a sequel of the highest order one that betters the original by developing its own tone and adding depth.† (Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (2009b). With the Beatles. Allmusic. Retrieved 27 September 2009. Gould, Jonathan (2008). Cant Buy Me Love: The Beatles, Britain and America. London: Piatkus. ISBN 978-0-7499-2988-6.) . Those praise has clearly expressed the emotion toward the Beatles from the professionals. Table1 The Beatles Famous Music Works: YEAR SINGLE SONG ALBUM 1962 《Love Me Do》 1963 《Please Please Me》 《From Me to You》 March,22,1963 《Please Please Me》 End of 1963 《With the Beatles》 1964 《Meet the Beatles》 of American From 1964 to 1965 《Something New》ï ¼Å'《Beatles for Sale》ï ¼Å'《Beatles ‘65》ï ¼Å' 《Beatles VI》ï ¼Å'《Help!》ï ¼Å'《Rubber Soul》 1966 《Revolver》 《YesterdayAnd Today》 1967 《Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band》 Enter the new century, the Beatles are still often have ripping album come out, their music of these great works, in the new century is still exudes timeless magic of the impact on them once again. After decades of recording the market, often for decades after the dissolution of the band continue to be the list of champions. John Lennon passed away, to hold a memorial vigil in commemoration and to participate in as many as millions of fans the world. In 2001 an outstanding guitarist George Harrison died of illness, such scenes again to reproduce their music and still another generation after generation of the character fans have been attracted by the magic of the Beatles for their obsession. The music of the Beatles music has already passed the boundary of the music itself, it becomes the eternal humanity. Looking at the history of the pop music, it can be found out that, the Beatles is definitely revolutionary, they have changed the character of the pop music and changed the attitude of British people toward pop music. The rise of the original rock and roll pop music made the entire music industry upside down. Some well-known pop singers voice like Presley, Little Richard and Lewis and others replaced by rock songs, the five major record companies dominated music industry record companies wife and children have been hundreds of attacks. An adult-oriented market into a white youth-oriented market, these young people are increasingly interested in black culture right. In this sense, the rock is indeed ushered in a revolution. However, the revolution in 1964, when the pop music entered its second decade, it started to abandon the original edge. Mainstream Rock give a moderate rock, pop, surf music, one time, around the 60s rock and roll would lead to divergent views on how to develop. An d this time the American society is in disarray. In this case, the original part of the Americans came in the British rock. In The Beatles† band under the influence of the United States is increasingly disperse rock began to regain vitality, and thus set off a rock in the history of a new climax. Although from its inception to the dissolution of the Beatles only existed for a decade, but the band as a musical culture revolutionaries, who not only has the worlds highest, but also future generations to make it difficult record prices and record sales, but also their cultural influence has long exceeded its art itself. The Beatles led the sixties and the seventies all over the world countries in the direction of popular culture has become a popular fashion vane anything about all the Beatles have become the most cultural content of goods, while the Beatles had been anything used can be an alarming high price for auction. The Beatles In addition to countless magazine covers a variety of other board, but also often on the worlds countries such as stamps and postcards, souvenirs, they have countless museums and documentaries related topics, films and other related cultural materials Save the organization. In addition, in the world still has a lot of Beatles band member professiona l imitators, as well as professional organizations and evaluation of institutions and organizations mimic competition. The Beatles and the Beatles culture has already become the culture of mankind in the 20th century, an important component of the field was forever etched that they, as the last century, a trademark of popular culture has never been any challenge. Another important part of the Beatles is their original ideas. They started writing their own music and through their originality a new sound happened. They were so successful, that in order to get famous, other bands realized that they needed to fashion their music after to the tracks of the Beatles. The dress they wore influenced everybody. People even started to cut their hair in the same style as the Beatles did. It was fashionable to take after the Beatles. The effect of the Beatles is no longer limited in Music. Their sound was original and their look was different, this led to the outburst of freedom during the sixties. (What was the impact the Beatles had on people and music? http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_was_the_impact_the_Beatles_had_on_people_and_music) .They are also described as â€Å"They influenced the people, that generation not only in their musical preferences but also in the way they dressed and felt about one another. They transmitted all there was to share trou gh their music and lyrics.† (The Beatles A Strong Impact http://www.buzzle.com/articles/the-beatles-a-strong-impact.html). The following figure depicts the annual income of some top singer or band. According to Apples financial records, as of January 2008, including the The Beatles members, including the company paid huge dividends accounted for incredible ï ¿ ¡56.4 million a year. The impact of the Beatles has drawn lots of attention in academia. They took the British rock wind since late 1960s, has continued to attract many followers. Even British universities have set up a masters degree of studying The Beatles. Reuters reports: Liverpool Hope University will open a new masters degree courses The Beatles, Popular Music and Society, to enable students to study the cultural impact of the Beatles. The university, a senior Mike Brocken said: The market is flooded with more than 8000 books on the Beatles, no one on their academic research, so we want to open this course. The Beatles had been disbanded for 40 years. It is time to study their music. We have received inquiries from abroad, particularly in the United States. Liverpool Hope University is the first to set up a masters degree-granting institution of The Beatles in British. It may be the only one. Liverpool is the hometown of the Beatles, in addition to the masters program, where there is the Beatles museum, and even the airport is named Liverpool John Lennon Airport. I have to say the most important mark the Beatles left on this society and for future generations is the popularisation of the Beatle wig. I still have several and wear them proudly. (â€Å"The Beatles Literary Anthology† Edited by Mike Evans, page 87, 2004, ISBN 0 85965 315 3)The decadent image of the Beatles which is characterized by their long hair, tight jeans and leisure tops have been a fashion until now. The influence of the Beatles is immense even beyond the boundary of nations. The Beatles has been recognized the invasion of the United States as British in the 1960s, representatives and influence extended to the 1960s of social and cultural revolution. In the 1970s, the band was dissolved, the members of an individual singers posture continued to develop. Recording Industry Association of the United States according to official statistics, the Beatles is the highest-selling singers in the United States, with a total sales of more than 170 million, while global sales of more than 1 billion. CONCLUSION The Beatles inherited the results of the first decade of rock and roll, with their creativity and innovation to enrich and develop the rock to rock and roll into a new historical stage. Since then, the rock is no longer just pure entertainment music. It has more people thinking something more hidden behind the music thing. That is the magic of Beatles and they had done something special to change the peoples attitude towards rock music. They had redefined the meaning of the rock music. 60 years growing up in British and American young people, rarely fail to be associated with their songs. It can be said that their songs influenced a generation of artistic taste, clothing hair style, lifestyle and attitude towards life. The Beatles The emergence of more scholars began to study the phenomenon of rock music, and rock and roll music and lyrics, and their subsequent university courses are also offered rock (which is unthinkable in the early 60s). The Beatles led the sixties and the seventies all over the world countries in the direction of popular culture. They have become a popular fashion vane. In fact, anything about all the Beatles have become the most cultural content of goods, while the Beatles had been anything used can be a shocking high price for auction. In addition to countless magazine covers and a variety of other board, but also often on the worlds countries such as stamps and postcards, souvenirs, The Beatles have countless museums and documentaries related topics, films and other related cultural materials Save the organization. RECOMMODATION One thing I would like to recommend the company for the Beatles is to let people from the eastern world know more about this band not only their songs or albums but also their background and their inventive work in order to inspire more people to love them to understand them and to create more treasure in all areas. REFERENCES 1. British pop Music http://www.learnenglish.de/culture/britishmusic.htm 2. Erlewine, Stephen Thomas (2009b). With the Beatles. Allmusic. Retrieved 27 September 2009. Gould, Jonathan (2008). Cant Buy Me Love: The Beatles, Britain and America. London: Piatkus. ISBN 978-0-7499-2988-6. 3. What was the impact the Beatles had on people and music? http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_was_the_impact_the_Beatles_had_on_people_and_music 4. The Beatles A Strong Impact http://www.buzzle.com/articles/the-beatles-a-strong-impact.html 5. The Beatles Impact, Influence and Empowerment http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/america_circa_60s/86384/1 6. â€Å"The Beatles Literary Anthology† Edited by Mike Evans, page 87, 2004, ISBN 0 85965 315 3

Essay --

There has been much said about the relationship between humans and dogs. Some believe that dogs are a man’s best friend, while others believe that dogs are meant only to be used to perform a certain job. Even though some see dogs only as a tool, dogs have been known to help humans in times of despair and need. Whether it be a dog helping a disabled person, or searching for a human amongst a pile of rubble, dogs can be a key factor when it comes to the well being of humans. In enormous tragedies, such as September 11th, dogs were a key element in piecing back together the parts of America that the terrorists had destroyed when they administered the attacks. Dogs are able to bring unity and support in times of tragedy. While both the working dogs and firemen contributed to the restoration of 9/11, the dogs that helped in the aftermath of the attacks were needed for much more than locating trapped victims; they were needed for support, unity, and comfort as well. There are many different types of service dogs. There are dogs that work with police and firemen, there are dogs that work with the military, there are guide dogs, and there are dogs that help people with a variety of disorders. In Debra McKinney’s online article â€Å"Service dogs provide barrier against anxiety† she researches the relationship between a woman named Sara and her service dog Hannah. Sara had a severe case of post-traumatic stress disorder as well as severe depression and social anxiety. She had tried many different medications, different therapists, but her brain was still overwhelmed with constant thoughts of suicide. When it seemed like all was lost, Sara found Hannah. Hannah was a golden retriever Labrador trained specifically to help Sara with her multiple... ...ference between humans and dogs is that once a human gets over something traumatic, the dog will not leave. A dog is not going to run away only to be seen when the next tragedy strikes. A dog is one of the most loyal and loving creatures on the planet and will be available before and after tragedy strikes. The service dogs of September 11th not only did their job by finding survivors and victims of the attacks, but they were also a source of support, unity, and comfort. Not only for the firemen but the survivors as well. The urge to bond between humans and animals and the comfort and support that dogs can give to people came in handy in the aftermath of September 11th. Had it not been for the support, unity, and comfort that the working dogs of September 11th brought, the emotional toll that this already traumatic event placed on people may have been much worse.

Turing: Concept of Computation :: Computers Computational Systems Papers

Turing: Concept of Computation Turing's analysis of the concept of computation is indisputably the foundation of computationalism, which is, in turn, the foundation of cognitive science. What is disputed is whether computationalism is explanatorily bankrupt. For Turing, all computers are digital computers and something becomes a (digital) computer just in case its 'behavior' is interpreted as implementing, executing, or satisfying some (mathematical) function 'f'. As 'computer' names a nonnatural kind, almost everyone agrees that a computational interpretation of this sort is necessary for something to be a computer. But because everything in the universe satisfies at least one (mathematical) function, it is the sufficiency of such interpretations that is the problem. If, as anticomputationalists are fond of pointing out, computationalists are wedded to the view that a computational interpretation is sufficient for something to be a computer, then everything becomes a digital computer. This not only renders comput er-talk vacuous, it strips computationalism of any empirical or explanatory import. My aim is to defend computationalism against charges that it is explanatorily bankrupt. I reexamine several fundamental questions about computers. One effect of this computation-related soul-searching will be a framework within which 'Is the brain a computer?' will be meaningful. Another effect will be a fracture in the supposed link between computationalism and symbolic-digital processing. If the standard by which to measure the explanatory value of a view were its revolutionary character, then Turing's (1936) analysis of the concept of computation would be highly valued indeed. Whereas the science of mind was once dominated by behaviorists, today it is dominated by computationalists. For computationalists, the mind/brain is a computer. As computationalists came to shoulder the burden for explaining how the mind/brain works, Turing's analysis of what counts as a computer became the standard by which to justify empirical claims about whether something is a computer. According to Turing, all computers are digital computers and something becomes a (digital) computer just in case its "behavior" is interpreted as implementing, executing, or satisfying some (mathematical) function 'f'. Because Turing's analysis is considered the foundation of computationalism, which, in turn, is the foundation of cognitive science, there can be no doubt that Turing's analysis has revolutioni zed the scientific study of the mind/brain. That much is not in dispute. What is, rather, is whether computationalism is explanatorily bankrupt. Although attacks against computationalism come in a variety of flavors, what bridles Searle (1990) and other anticomputationalists the most is the sufficiency of Turing's analysis of what counts as a computer.

17th Century Venetian Opera

Lauren Rader Music History I November 19, 2010 17th Century Opera in Venice Between 1637 and 1678, in nine different theaters, Venetian audiences saw more than 150 operas. The creation of public opera houses sparked the interest of the people of the time because of social and philosophical changes that were happening in the Republican state of Venice. Opera was not only interesting to the elite. It had now made its way to a public audience. The primary audience was the crowd of Venetians and tourists that came for the carnival season in Venice.Opera succeeded as a public art form for many reasons: because of its exquisite musicality, it was highly successful and it became a way to produce revenue. Ellen Rosand says that three conditions existed for opera to be a permanent establishment in the Venetian culture: there was regular demand during the carnival season, dependable financial backing, and a broad predictable audience. An important group involved with the financial backing and librettos written for the opera houses were the Accademia degli Incogniti, translating to â€Å"The Academy of Unknowns†. This was a secret society of noblemen, founded by Giovanni Francesco Loredano.One reason opera was such a success during this time was due to this libertine group. Even though their ideas were bold and they said heretical things, without their financial backing, their librettos may have never made it to the opera houses if they hadn’t been in Venice at that time. Also, women were expected to exhibit certain social and moral standards during this time, and this was often the theme of many librettos written by the Accademia degli Incogniti from 1637-1678. The librettos were themed around virtues where a protagonist exemplified an act of goodness in her role.Another important factor about Venetian opera was that before the San Cassiano opera house, operas had been written for private courts of the wealthy aristocrats only. Public opera houses marked a new form of social event, entertainment, and source of revenue for musicians, writers/poets, and wealthy benefactors. Venice was a republican state and the government was considerably more open to new ideas and conventions than the rest of Italy, cities like Florence and Rome. Venice was a state with its own special position in the world and history that integrated freedom and stability. The great myth of Venice was that it was an undefeated state.The people claimed that the city was founded on the day of Annunciation on March 25, 421. Since that time no one had defeated Venice, and by the 17th Century it had lasted longer than ancient Rome. Scholars believe that this was because of its republican constitution allowing the noblemen to share the power and divide it among themselves. The wealthy were about 5% of the population, but the common people were pleased with this way of government and lived happily without too much complaint. [1] Venice’s government was more relaxed an d open, and that had much to do with what was allowed and not allowed in the public opera houses of the time.Another fact that is important to note is that the ruling patricians (noblemen) were involved in commerce and the arts—eventually opera. According to Edward Muir, â€Å"At the end of the sixteenth century, the camerata theorists under Medici patronage invented the form of musical drama now called â€Å"opera† for performance in the courtly environment of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany† (Muir 331). The opening of the Teatro San Cassiano marked the first public opera house for a paying audience. There was a divided relationship between patrician youth and the elderly patrician office holders.While the youth were licentious, the older generation had an impulse for social control. [2] The old law passed by the Council of Ten prohibited theatrical performances that were for carnivals and weddings, especially banning comedies. The Accademia degli Incogniti probably retrieved some of their ideas from the Compagnie della Calza, a club of young nobles â€Å"known for their hedonism and pushing the limits of their elders† (Muir 334), created at the end of the 16th century. The Compangie protected their identity through a code of silence. They used surnames, much like the Accademia degli Incogniti would do a century and a half later.Nonetheless, secret organizations were a way to avoid public persecution and harassment, while still speaking out on controversial issues. A young playwright, Ruzante, played characters that made fun of and criticized the upper class. To this end, Ruzante wrote a play where one critic complained that he exceeded the boundaries of taste: â€Å"completely lascivious, with very dirty words, and God was blasphemed by all of them, and [the audience] shrieked at them†(Muir 334). This relationship between cutting edge and tradition continued to be a prevalent issue into the time of Venetian opera in the 1600s.A distinguishing feature of new theaters was â€Å"the inclusion of several floors of boxes that provided elevated, separated, and private spaces from with paying customers, apparently patricians and distinguished foreigners could watch performances† (Muir 335). From his book, â€Å"The Short, Lascivious Lives of Two Venetian Theaters†. Eugene Johnson, talks about box seats creating a feeling of premier social space that was private but at the same time public. Yet, Venetians soon started to use these box seats as modern day motel rooms; â€Å"the box itself became a stage for imagination and metaphor for the libertine style†(Muir 335).The box seats were called plachi. The Jesuits complained almost immediately that these â€Å"wicked acts†¦creating scandal† in the plachi were immoral and provided another reason to promote their anti-theater cause. There is no real evidence of these scandalous acts taking place, but accounts say that boxes read on the f loor â€Å"per le donne†. During these obscene comedies, obscene acts were taking place at the same time on the other side of the thin wooden box seats; for Venetian theater was full of scandal.In 1606, Antonio Persis wrote in defense of the papal cause, criticizing the Venetians for their â€Å"addiction to avarice and luxuria† (Rosand 412). He said that the theaters were luxaria, and because of his account, the Jesuits destroyed the theaters in Venice. On the other hand, the Jesuits were then banned from Venice in late 1606 by the Interdict crisis, which opened up the opportunity again for seasonal comic theater. Even before opera, Venetians held a long standing tradition for carnivals, comedies, courtesans, and scandal. However, the politics in Venice â€Å"remained simply conservative and committed to republicanism† (Muir 337).Although, opera was comic and touched on social context of men and women, â€Å"[it] had the capacity to engage current political af fairs and debates† (Romano 402). In Purciello’s thesis from Princeton University, he talks about opera standing in contrast with the religious and economic ambiguity â€Å"amidst the spectacle and festivities of the carnival season. Venice was a port center where â€Å"people from the four corners of the world convened. This mix of cultures produced a rather exotic atmosphere: a combination of Christian and pagan religious histories.All sorts of audiences, rich and poor, swarmed to public opera houses to experience spectacle, music, and drama. Venice was a city where commercial business was thriving, which resulted in mass productions of entertainment (Purciello 11). Opera houses repeated operas a season by altering the music of libretti, characters wearing new costumes, and reinforcing popular plot lines. Musicians and talent were not usually local Venetian musicians. They were traveling tour groups, who performed all over Italy and Europe. Yet, the musicians knew th e unique character Venice required for its music, and how it differed in performance practice.Venetian opera was centered on spectacle: The use of stage machinery caused an increase in the number and elaborateness of scene change; but this is because there were whole stories told in the sets and the machinery, much of which is lost to the scholar today, who has little ability to reconstruct the stage scenery, and must rely on the libretti and the score† (Thornburn 183). Set design was crucial to the success of an opera. Part of the carnival atmosphere was seeing something extravagant and out of the ordinary. Venetian opera was the epitome of the kind of luxurious and complex entertainment.Theaters prided themselves and showed of how much money they had by buying costly machinery. One way to move the scenes, backdrops, and other stage devices was to cut holes in the floor and slide the set along the grooves for smooth scene transitions. Before this invention, the operas would u se dances to distract the audience from a scene change (Thornburn). The man who invented this idea was stage director, Giacomo Torelli: â€Å"he cut grooves all the way through the stage from the floor, and wings were mounted on little carriages that ran along the tracks located in the sub-stage area.Wings, back scenes, and borders were then operated by means of a winch system with counter weights. Thus, with the turning of a central drum beneath the stage, the entire scene changed almost instantaneously† (Thornburn 175). There was a large contrast from the way scenes were changed before Torelli’s invention. In the Cambridge Guide to Theatre it says that the scene changes were like â€Å"cinema dissolves† and unnecessary shifts between scenes were made for the delight of seeing it happen.Besides the stage machinery’s functional use, â€Å"in the same way the contemporary action films may have thin plots because the visual technology is so powerful, so th ese works must have overwhelmed to beauty of line in either the music or the poetry† (Thornburn 176). Starting in 1637 opera houses began to open as large scale venues. The four major theaters open in Venice were the San Cassiano, San Moise, San Salvatore, and Santi Giovanni e Paolo. Most of these opera houses seated anywhere from four to five hundred spectators.The Teatro Novissimo was â€Å"the shortest-lived and most influential theatre in the early years of Venetian commercial opera, opened for the carnival season of 1641† (Thorburn). The Novissimo presented operas from 1641 to 1645. There has been some debate as to when the theater actually stopped presenting operas. Cristoforo Ivanovich claims that there were operas going on until 1646, up until the day the theater was completely demolished. â€Å"In spite of its brief life†¦ the theater was atypical of opera theaters in Venice because it was intended for an audience that was entirely Venetian†(Thornbu rn 136).In a dissertation by Hugh Thornburn, he says that audience members who regularly attended the Novissimo were academic and aware of their intelligence, and they prided themselves in participating in the opera culture. However, they were not able to pay for their interest, hence the reason for the Teatro Novissimo closing. The Jesuit-driven ban on public theater was removed in 1607, so theatrical activity was increasing by the 1620s. By the 1630s the movement for more opera houses as a form of public entertainment was in full swing. The Venetian carnival season was the most important time of the year in Venice.Opera served as carnival entertainment, â€Å"a form of ribald and often satirical comedy performed during the annual season of festive license† (Muir 333). Spectacle was one attraction the opera house brought to the carnival season. However, there were social issues, involving mixed views on gender and how women fit into the role of opera libretti during the seve nteenth century. Once opera theater became accepted as a part the Venetian carnival season, Gianfrancesco Loredano founded the Accademia degli Incogniti in 1630. This association was made up of men who had liberal ideas, who were either rich aristocrats or scholars.The Accademia â€Å"on May 30, 1640 agreed to the concept of a communally owned theater created to express the aesthetics of the Accademia† (Thorburn 134). The Accademia was founded on the principles of a professor who taught at the University of Padua, Cesare Cremonini. Cremonini’s influence spread to his students who were in the Accademia degli Incogniti very powerfully. He taught in a way that adhered to Aristotle’s work and he paid little attention to â€Å"Christian theological precepts†, like the creation of the world and the immorality of the soul.He did not admit that he was a non-believer, but his â€Å"somewhat blasphemous views were well known to his Venetian admirers. The members o f the Incogniti expressed themselves through novella, poems, letters, and plays. Paolo Fabbri lays claim that the Incognito legacy used â€Å"eroticism and trasvestism in the operas†. The Incogniti used opera libretti and their writings as propaganda. The opera audiences were large, so the propaganda could reach many people who came to the carnival season. The Incogniti had a duel identity.First of all they were patriotic, since they were noble men and leaders of the Republic. In contrast, they also â€Å"emphasized a kind of libertismo, a moral freedom that was particularly skeptical of religious authority† (Heller 69). The members of this group had a very keen interest in defining the social structures that supported the stability of Venice; â€Å"a critical aspect of this social structure depended on the†¦position of women†: their suppression through marriage, while at the same time the â€Å"tolerance of a vibrant sex and pleasure industry†. 3] I ncogniti writings focused on women and their sexuality. They hypothesized â€Å"the female problem† which said that the fundamental problem of love and female morality was that it did not exist unless men were there to silence women and instruct them as how to love them. Cremonini taught that â€Å"friendship was something that could be shared by men of similar social and economic class; with women, the focus was on sexual relationships, and only rarely did male writers concern themselves with friendships between women† (Heller 75). The Incogniti wrote libretti that reflected these claims about women.For example, in Loredano’s play La forza d’amore it was clear that the general attitude towards women was negative and skeptical, much like the way the Incogniti viewed the Catholic Church. The Incogniti wrote about their admiration and physical desire for women, but also criticized the power women had to capture the hearts and souls of men. Conversely, there were women who spoke up against the Accademia. One of these women was Sister Arcangela Tarabotti. She wrote seven manuscripts defending female virtue and chastity, and exchanged letters with Loredano and other members of the Incogniti.She â€Å"exposed many complaints about the Venetian patriarchy and the social system whereby young women were forced to bury themselves in nunneries†(Heller 93). Consequently women were portrayed as venomous, unfaithful, and temptresses who couldn’t be trusted in the operas written by the Accademia degli Incogniti. During this time of Baroque opera, visual and aural spectacle were expected, and â€Å"emphasis on suspense and exaggeration was an ideal vehicle for the conveyance of cultural messages†(Heller 69). There was a demand for fresh works because the opera was the primary entertainment during the carnival season in Venice.Some common themes for these operas were: two pairs of lovers separated then united at the end; scenes of sleep, laments, nurses and pages who were comic roles; and a clear distinction between recitative and arias (Rosand 415). The genre of Venetian opera was successful because aristocrats in the Republican government were involved in the arts and put forth the money to run opera houses.